Uveal melanoma (iris, ciliary body, choroid) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy. About 2,000 cases of uveal melanoma are diagnosed each year in the United States. It accounts for 5% of all cases of melanoma.[ 1] This tumor is most commonly diagnosed in older patients, and the incidence peaks at age 70...
Intraocular melanoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the eye. Intraocular melanoma begins in the middle of three layers of the wall of the eye. The outer layer includes the white sclera (the "white of the eye") and the clear cornea at the front of the eye. The inner layer...
Childhood laryngeal tumors form in the voice box, also called the larynx. These tumors may be benign (which means they are not cancer) or cancer. Most laryngeal tumors in children are not cancer and do not spread to other tissues. Both types of tumors need treatment. The most common type of benign laryngeal tumor is...
Histology. Tumors of the larynx are rare. The most common benign tumor is subglottic hemangioma.[ 1] Malignant tumors, which are especially rare, may be associated with benign tumors such as polyps and papillomas.[ 2, 3] A review of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data from 1973 to 2016...
Learn about some of the treatment options for childhood leukemia.
Learn what acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is and what to expect for care and treatment.
Learn what acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is and what to expect for care and treatment.
Find out how to work effectively with your child's care team to get answers and support.
Liver cancer is a rare malignancy in children and adolescents and is divided into the following two major histological subgroups: Hepatoblastoma. Well-differentiated fetal (pure fetal) histology. Mixed epithelial and fetal histology. Small cell undifferentiated histology hepatoblastoma and rhabdoid tumors of the liver...
Hepatoblastoma is a cancer that forms in the tissues of the liver. It is the most common type of childhood liver cancer and usually affects children younger than 3 years of age. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. Three...
World Health Organization (WHO) Classification for CNS Embryonal Tumors and Pineoblastoma. Embryonal tumors are a collection of biologically heterogeneous lesions that share the tendency to disseminate throughout the nervous system via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways. Although there is significant variability...
Medulloblastoma and other central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors may begin in embryonic (fetal) cells that remain in the brain after birth. . Medulloblastoma is a fast-growing tumor that forms in the cerebellum (the lower, back part of the brain). Medulloblastoma is the most common type of CNS embryonal tumor...
Melanoma is rare in children. However, it is the most common skin cancer in children, followed by basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas.[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] Approximately 300 cases of melanoma are diagnosed each year in patients younger than 20 years in the United States, accounting for 0.3% of all new...
Melanoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in melanocytes (cells that color the skin). The skin is the body's largest organ. It protects against heat, sunlight, injury, and infection. Skin also helps control body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin has several layers, but...
Mesothelioma is extremely rare in children and adolescents, with only 2% to 5% of patients presenting during the first two decades of life.[ 1] Fewer than 300 cases in children have been reported.[ 2] An analysis from the National Cancer Database identified 46 pediatric patients (aged 0–21 years) and 524 young adult...
Mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the thin layer of tissue that covers organs in the chest or abdomen. Malignant mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in one or more of the following: Pleura: A thin layer of tissue that lines the chest cavity and covers...
Childhood midline tract carcinoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the respiratory tract or other places along the middle of the body. The respiratory tract is made up of the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Midline tract carcinoma may also form in other places along the middle of...
MEN syndromes are familial disorders characterized by neoplastic changes that affect multiple endocrine organs.[ 1] Changes may include hyperplasia, benign adenomas, and carcinomas. . There are three types of MEN syndromes: Type 1. Type 2, which includes the following two subtypes: Type 2A (includes familial medullary...
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are inherited disorders that affect the endocrine system. The endocrine system is made up of glands and cells that make hormones and release them into the blood. MEN syndromes may cause hyperplasia (the growth of too many normal cells) or tumors that may be benign (not...
The myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) represent between 5% and 10% of all myeloid malignancies in children. They are a heterogeneous group of disorders. MDS usually presents with cytopenias and is characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and increased cell death. MPN presents with...
Myeloid leukemias that arise in children with Down syndrome, particularly in patients younger than 4 years, are a distinct subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by the co-existence of trisomy 21 and GATA1 variants within the leukemic blasts that are often, but not always, megakaryoblastic. This distinct...
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma arises in the lining of the nasal cavity and pharynx, and it accounts for about one-third of all cancers of the upper airways in children.[ 1, 2] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is exceedingly rare in children younger than 10 years.[ 3] The age-adjusted incidence rates (2016–2020) for both sexes and...
Nasopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the nasal cavity and throat. Nasopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is made of the nasal cavity (inside of the nose) and top part of the throat...
Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer.[ 1] Between 1975 and 2020, childhood cancer mortality decreased by more than 50%.[ 1, 2, 3] Between 2013 and 2019, the 5-year relative survival rate was 90% for children and adolescents younger than 20 years with NHL.[ 3] In...
Childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lymph system, which is a part of the body's immune system. The immune system helps protect the body from infection and disease. The lymph system is made up of the following: Lymph: Colorless, watery fluid that travels through...
Childhood nuclear protein of the testis (NUT) carcinomas (also known as midline tract carcinomas) arise in midline epithelial structures, typically the mediastinum and upper aerodigestive tract. These tumors present as very aggressive, undifferentiated carcinomas, with or without squamous differentiation.[ 1, 2]...
Keeping “baby fat” for too long can put a child’s health at risk. How can you help your child get fit and maintain a healthy weight into adulthood? According to research or other evidence, the following self-care steps may be helpful. Get your family focused on fitness Be a positive role model by involving your entire...
Childhood oral cavity cancer is a rare type of cancer that forms in the mouth. There are several types of oral cavity cancers, including lymphoma, sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Most of the tumors (more than 90%) that children get in their mouth are not cancer. All types of tumors in the...
More than 90% of tumors and tumor-like lesions in the oral cavity are benign.[ 1, 2, 3, 4] Oral cavity cancer is extremely rare in children and adolescents.[ 5, 6] According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program Stat Fact Sheets, only 0.4% of all cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 20...
Childhood ovarian tumors form in the tissues of the ovaries. Most ovarian tumors in children are not cancer. Ovarian cancer in children is very rare but occurs most often in females aged 15 to 19 years. The ovaries are a pair of organs in the female reproductive system. They are in the pelvis, one on each side of the...
