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Childhood central nervous system (CNS) germ cell tumors form from germ cells. Germ cells are the reproductive cells in a fetus. These cells later become sperm in the testicles or unfertilized eggs in the ovaries. Sometimes the germ cells travel to or from other parts of the fetus as it develops and later become germ...
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix and vagina is rare in childhood and adolescence.[ 1, 2] Two-thirds of cases in previous reports have been associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero.[ 3] However, the few case reports of vaginal cancer in children in the last decade have not been associated with exposure...
Childhood cervical and vaginal cancers are very rare types of cancer. Cervical cancer forms in the cells of the cervix, and vaginal cancer forms in the cells of the vagina. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows). The cervix leads from the uterus to the...
Childhood chordoma is a very rare type of bone cancer that begins in cells left over from early development that helped form disks of the spine. These cells usually go away before birth, but sometimes they stay in the body and may become cancer in rare cases. Chordoma can form in a bone at the base of the skull called...
Chordoma is a very rare tumor of bone. It arises from remnants of the notochord within the clivus, spinal vertebrae, or sacrum. The most common site in children is the cranium.[ 1] The incidence in the United States is approximately 1 case per 1 million people per year. Only 5% of all chordomas occur in patients younger...
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) results from the BCR::ABL translocation. CML is primarily an adult disease but represents the most common of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders in children. CML accounts for approximately 13% to 20% of all childhood myeloid leukemias and 2% of all childhood leukemias.[ 1, 2, 3, 4]...
Carcinoma of the large bowel is rare in children and adolescents.[ 1] Colorectal cancer is seen in 0.5 cases per 100,000 people younger than 20 years in the United States annually.[ 2] Fewer than 100 cases are diagnosed in children each year in the United States.[ 3] From 1973 to 2006, the Surveillance, Epidemiology...
Colorectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the colon or the rectum. The colon is part of the body's digestive system. The digestive system removes and processes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) from foods and helps pass waste...
Primary brain tumors, including craniopharyngiomas, are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumors of childhood. Brain tumors are classified according to an integrated assessment of histology and molecular characteristics, with tumor location and extent of spread as important...
Childhood craniopharyngiomas are benign brain tumors found near the pituitary gland. Childhood craniopharyngiomas are rare tumors usually found near the pituitary gland (a pea-sized organ at the bottom of the brain that controls other glands) and the hypothalamus (a small cone-shaped organ connected to the pituitary...
It’s up to parents to protect children from common contagious diseases that can cause skin rashes and other symptoms. According to research or other evidence, the following self-care steps may be helpful. Learn about vaccinations Talk to your healtcare provider about the potential risks and benefits of using...
Primary brain tumors, including ependymomas, are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumor of childhood. Immunohistochemical analysis, cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings, and measures of mitotic activity are increasingly used in tumor diagnosis and classification. Brain...
Ependymoma is a rare type of tumor that starts in the brain or spinal cord. The brain controls all body functions, such as breathing, heart rate, memory and learning, emotion, and senses. The spinal cord is made up of bundles of nerve fibers that carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Together, the...
Esophageal cancer is rare in children and adolescents, although it is relatively common in older adults.[ 1, 2] Most of these tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, although sarcomas can also arise in the esophagus. The most common benign tumor is leiomyoma. Risk factors include caustic ingestion, gastroesophageal reflux...
Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus. The esophagus is the hollow, muscular tube that moves food and liquid from the throat to the stomach. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of tissue, including mucous membrane, muscle, and connective...
Childhood esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare type of cancer that forms in the olfactory nerve endings in the upper part of the nasal cavity. The olfactory nerves (sense of smell) pass through the many tiny holes in the bone at the base of the brain to the olfactory bulb. Esthesioneuroblastoma is also called olfactory...
Esthesioneuroblastoma (also called olfactory neuroblastoma) is a very rare small round cell tumor arising from the nasal neuroepithelium. Less than 10% of cases occur in children and adolescents.[ 1, 2] The estimated incidence of esthesioneuroblastoma is 0.1 cases per 100,000 people per year in children younger than 15...
GCTs arise from primordial germ cells, which migrate during embryogenesis from the yolk sac through the mesentery to the gonads (see Figure 1).[ 1, 2] Childhood extracranial GCTs can generally be divided into gonadal and extragonadal. These tumors can also be broadly classified as teratomas, malignant GCTs, or mixed...
Childhood extracranial germ cell tumors start in germ cells in parts of the body other than the brain. A germ cell is a type of cell that forms as a fetus develops. These cells later become sperm in the testicles or eggs in the ovaries. This summary is about germ cell tumors that form in parts of the body that are...
Your child may seem anxious about everyday things. School-age children usually have a number of fears that began in their early childhood, such as fear of ghosts, of the dark, or of dying. Every child's fears are different. Parents may not recognize that some behaviors are based on fears. Children this age try to deal...
A gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor forms in neuroendocrine cells in the lining of the digestive tract, appendix, and other organs in the abdomen. Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (also called gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors) form from a certain type of neuroendocrine cell (a type of cell that is like a...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract in adults.[ 1] These tumors are rare in children.[ 2] Approximately 2% of all GIST occur in children and young adults.[ 3, 4, 5] In one series, pediatric GIST accounted for 2.5% of all pediatric...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the wall of the stomach or intestines. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) usually begin in cells in the tissues of the wall of the stomach or intestines. These cells, called interstitial cells of Cajal, help food...
Childhood glaucoma is a rare form of glaucoma that can be present in some children when they are born. Or it may develop as the child gets older. Glaucoma is an eye disorder that damages the nerve at the back of the eye (optic nerve), resulting in loss of eyesight, especially peripheral (side) vision. Childhood glaucoma...
Heart tumors (also called cardiac tumors) are rare growths that can form in any part of the heart. They can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Most heart tumors in children are benign. Although benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body, they may require treatment to stop them from causing...
Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer.[ 1] Between 2013 and 2019, the 5-year overall survival rate was 98% for patients younger than 20 years with Hodgkin lymphoma.[ 2] Overview of Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma. Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the few pediatric...
Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer that develops in the lymph system. The lymph system is part of the immune system. It helps protect the body from infection and disease. The lymph system is made up of the following: Lymph: Colorless, watery fluid that travels through the lymph vessels and transports T and B...
My child's name is __________________________. My child's birthday is _________________. My child's doctor is __________________________. The doctor's phone number is _____________________. Age Immunization Dose Notes Date given Birth Hepatitis B (HepB) 1 of 3 2 months Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) 1 of 5...
After getting approval from several expert groups, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following immunization schedule for children. You can view it online at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html.
After getting approval from several expert groups, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following immunization schedule for children. You can view it online at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html.
