Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus. The esophagus is the hollow, muscular tube that moves food and liquid from the throat to the stomach. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of tissue, including mucous membrane, muscle, and connective...
Esthesioneuroblastoma (also termed olfactory neuroblastoma) is a very rare small round cell tumor arising from the nasal neuroepithelium. Less than 10% of cases occur in children and adolescents.[ 1, 2] The estimated incidence of esthesioneuroblastoma is 0.1 cases per 100,000 people per year in children younger than 15...
Esthesioneuroblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the upper nasal cavity and base of the skull. Esthesioneuroblastoma begins in the olfactory nerve endings in the upper part of the nasal cavity. The olfactory nerves (sense of smell) pass through the many tiny holes in the bone...
GCTs arise from primordial germ cells, which migrate during embryogenesis from the yolk sac through the mesentery to the gonads (see Figure 1).[ 1, 2] Childhood extracranial GCTs can generally be divided into gonadal and extragonadal. These tumors can also be broadly classified as teratomas, malignant GCTs, or mixed...
Childhood extracranial germ cell tumors form from germ cells in parts of the body other than the brain. A germ cell is a type of cell that forms as a fetus develops. These cells later become sperm in the testicles or eggs in the ovaries. This summary is about germ cell tumors that form in parts of the body that are...
Your child may seem anxious about everyday things. School-age children usually have a number of fears that began in their early childhood, such as fear of ghosts, of the dark, or of dying. Every child's fears are different. Parents may not recognize that some behaviors are based on fears. Children this age try to deal...
A gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor forms in neuroendocrine cells in the lining of the digestive tract, appendix, and other organs in the abdomen. Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (also called gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors) form from a certain type of neuroendocrine cell (a type of cell that is like a...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract in adults.[ 1] These tumors are rare in children.[ 2] Approximately 2% of all GIST occur in children and young adults.[ 3, 4, 5] In one series, pediatric GIST accounted for 2.5% of all pediatric...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the wall of the stomach or intestines. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) usually begin in cells in the tissues of the wall of the stomach or intestines. These cells, called interstitial cells of Cajal, help food...
Childhood glaucoma is a rare form of glaucoma that can be present in some children when they are born. Or it may develop as the child gets older. Glaucoma is an eye disorder that damages the nerve at the back of the eye (optic nerve), resulting in loss of eyesight, especially peripheral (side) vision. Childhood glaucoma...
Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer.[ 1] Between 2011 and 2017, the 5-year overall survival rate was 98% for patients younger than 20 years with Hodgkin lymphoma.[ 2] Overview of Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma. Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the few pediatric...
Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer that develops in the lymph system. The lymph system is part of the immune system. It helps protect the body from infection and disease. The lymph system is made up of the following: Lymph: Colorless, watery fluid that travels through the lymph vessels and transports T and B...
My child's name is __________________________. My child's birthday is _________________. My child's doctor is __________________________. The doctor's phone number is _____________________. Age Immunization Dose Notes Date given Birth Hepatitis B (HepB) 1 of 3 2 months Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) 1 of 5...
After getting approval from several expert groups, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following immunization schedule for children. You can view it online at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html
After getting approval from several expert groups, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following immunization schedule for children. You can view it online at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html.
Uveal melanoma (iris, ciliary body, choroid) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy. About 2,000 cases of uveal melanoma are diagnosed each year in the United States. It accounts for 5% of all cases of melanoma.[ 1] This tumor is most commonly diagnosed in older patients, and the incidence peaks at age 70...
Intraocular melanoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the eye. Intraocular melanoma begins in the middle of three layers of the wall of the eye. The outer layer includes the white sclera (the "white of the eye") and the clear cornea at the front of the eye. The inner layer...
Histology. Tumors of the larynx are rare. The most common benign tumor is subglottic hemangioma.[ 1] Malignant tumors, which are especially rare, may be associated with benign tumors such as polyps and papillomas.[ 2, 3] A review of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data from 1973 to 2016...
Laryngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the larynx. The larynx is a part of the throat, between the base of the tongue and the trachea (windpipe). The larynx contains the vocal cords, which vibrate and make sound when air is directed against them. The sound echoes through...
Learn about some of the treatment options for childhood leukemia.
Learn what acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is and what to expect for care and treatment.
Learn what acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is and what to expect for care and treatment.
Find out how to work effectively with your child's care team to get answers and support.
Liver cancer is a rare malignancy in children and adolescents and is divided into the following two major histological subgroups: Hepatoblastoma. Well-differentiated fetal (pure fetal) histology. Mixed epithelial and fetal histology. Small cell undifferentiated histology hepatoblastoma and rhabdoid tumors of the liver...
Hepatoblastoma is a cancer that forms in the tissues of the liver. It is the most common type of childhood liver cancer and usually affects children younger than 3 years of age. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. Three...
World Health Organization (WHO) Classification for CNS Embryonal Tumors and Pineoblastoma. Embryonal tumors are a collection of biologically heterogeneous lesions that share the tendency to disseminate throughout the nervous system via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways. Although there is significant variability...
Medulloblastoma and other central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors may begin in embryonic (fetal) cells that remain in the brain after birth. . Medulloblastoma is a fast-growing tumor that forms in the cerebellum (the lower, back part of the brain). Medulloblastoma is the most common type of CNS embryonal tumor...
Melanoma is rare in children. However, it is the most common skin cancer in children, followed by basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas.[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] Approximately 300 cases of melanoma are diagnosed each year in patients younger than 20 years in the United States, accounting for less than 0.5%...
Melanoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in melanocytes (cells that color the skin). The skin is the body's largest organ. It protects against heat, sunlight, injury, and infection. Skin also helps control body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin has several layers, but...
Mesothelioma is extremely rare in children and adolescents, with only 2% to 5% of patients presenting during the first two decades of life.[ 1] Fewer than 300 cases in children have been reported.[ 2] In adults, increased mesothelioma risk is associated with inherited BAP1 mutations, exposures to asbestos, and exposures...
