Skin cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the skin. The skin is the body's largest organ. It protects against heat, sunlight, injury, and infection. Skin also helps control body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin has several layers, but the two main...
Urothelial bladder neoplasms are extremely rare in children. The most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer in children is hematuria.[ 1, 2] Bladder cancer in adolescents may develop as a result of exposure to alkylating-agent chemotherapy that was given to treat other childhood tumors or leukemia.[ 3, 4, 5, 6]...
Childhood bladder cancer is a very rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, balloon-shaped organ in the lower part of the abdomen that stores urine. The bladder has a muscular wall that allows it to get larger to store urine made by the kidneys, and to shrink to squeeze...
Primary brain tumors are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumor of childhood. The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) estimates that approximately 4,300 U.S. children are diagnosed each year.[ 1] Brain tumors are classified by histology, but tumor location...
A childhood brain or spinal cord tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain or spinal cord. There are many types of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors. The tumors are formed by the abnormal growth of cells and may begin in different areas of the brain or spinal cord. The tumors may...
Primary brain tumors, including brain stem gliomas, are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumor of childhood. Immunohistochemical analysis, cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings, and measures of mitotic activity are increasingly used in tumor diagnosis and classification...
Childhood brain stem glioma is a disease in which benign (noncancer) or malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the brain stem. Gliomas are tumors formed from glial cells. Glial cells in the brain hold nerve cells in place, bring food and oxygen to nerve cells, and help protect nerve cells from disease, such as...
Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast. The breast is made up of lobes and ducts. Each breast has 15 to 20 sections called lobes. Each lobe has many smaller sections called lobules. Lobules end in dozens of tiny bulbs that can make milk. The lobes, lobules, and...
Incidence and Risk Factors. Fibroadenomas are benign, and they are the most common breast tumors seen in children aged 18 years or younger.[ 1, 2] The prevalence of fibroadenoma is 2.2% in females aged 10 to 30 years.[ 1, 2] The incidence increases with age, although girls aged 12 to 16 years tend to have larger lesions...
Research teams from around the world have made remarkable progress in the past decade in elucidating the genomic landscape of most types of childhood cancer. A decade ago it was possible to hope that targetable oncogenes, such as activated tyrosine kinases, might be identified in a high percentage of childhood cancers...
Cancers of unknown primary sites present as metastatic cancers for which precise primary tumor sites cannot be determined.[ 1] As an example, lymph nodes at the base of the skull may enlarge in relationship to a tumor on the face or scalp that is not evident by physical examination or radiographic imaging. Thus, modern...
Carcinoma of unknown primary is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the body but the place the cancer began is not known. Cancer can form in any tissue in the body. The first cancer to form is called the primary cancer. The process of cancer cells spreading to other parts of the body is called...
Childhood cardiac tumors, which may be benign or malignant, form in the heart. Most tumors that form in the heart are benign (not cancer). Benign heart tumors that may appear in children include the following: Rhabdomyoma: A tumor that forms in muscle made up of long fibers. Myxoma: A tumor that may be part of an...
Cardiac tumors are rare in children, with an autopsy frequency of 0.001% to 0.30%.[ 1] In one report, the percentage of cardiac surgeries performed as a result of cardiac tumors was 0.093%.[ 2] The distribution of cardiac tumors in the fetal and neonatal period is different from that in older patients, with two-thirds...
Primary brain tumors, including atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs), are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumor of childhood. The PDQ childhood brain tumor treatment summaries are primarily organized according to the World Health Organization classification of nervous...
Central nervous system (CNS) atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the brain. Central nervous system (CNS) atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a very rare, fast-growing tumor that begins in the brain and spinal cord. It usually occurs in...
Primary brain tumors, including germ cell tumors (GCTs), are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumors of childhood. The most recent World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System Tumours implements some molecular parameters, in addition to histology, to...
Childhood central nervous system (CNS) germ cell tumors form from germ cells. . Germ cells are the reproductive cells in a fetus. These cells later become sperm in the testicles or unfertilized eggs in the ovaries. Sometimes the germ cells travel to or from other parts of the fetus as it develops and later become germ...
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix and vagina is rare in childhood and adolescence.[ 1, 2] Two-thirds of cases in previous reports have been associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero.[ 3] However, the few case reports of vaginal cancer in children in the last decade have not been associated with exposure...
Childhood cervical cancer and vaginal cancer are very rare types of cancer. Cervical cancer forms in the cells of the cervix, and vaginal cancer forms in the cells of the vagina. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows). The cervix leads from the uterus to the...
Chordoma is a very rare tumor of bone. It arises from remnants of the notochord within the clivus, spinal vertebrae, or sacrum. The most common site in children is the cranium.[ 1] The incidence in the United States is approximately 1 case per 1 million people per year. Only 5% of all chordomas occur in patients younger...
Childhood chordoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissue found inside the spine. Chordoma is a type of slow-growing tumor that forms anywhere along the spine, from the base of the skull (a bone called the clivus) to the tailbone. In children and adolescents, chordomas form most often in the...
Carcinoma of the large bowel is rare in pediatric people.[ 1] Colorectal cancer is seen in 0.5 cases per 100,000 people younger than 20 years in the United States annually.[ 2] Fewer than 100 cases are diagnosed in children each year in the United States.[ 3] From 1973 to 2006, the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End...
Colorectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the colon or the rectum. The colon is part of the body's digestive system. The digestive system removes and processes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) from foods and helps pass waste...
Primary brain tumors, including craniopharyngiomas, are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumors of childhood. Brain tumors are classified according to an integrated assessment of histology and molecular characteristics, with tumor location and extent of spread as important...
Childhood craniopharyngiomas are benign brain tumors found near the pituitary gland. Childhood craniopharyngiomas are rare tumors usually found near the pituitary gland (a pea-sized organ at the bottom of the brain that controls other glands) and the hypothalamus (a small cone-shaped organ connected to the pituitary...
It’s up to parents to protect children from common contagious diseases that can cause skin rashes and other symptoms. According to research or other evidence, the following self-care steps may be helpful. Learn about vaccinations Talk to your healtcare provider about the potential risks and benefits of using...
Ependymoma is a rare type of tumor that starts in the brain or spinal cord. The brain controls all body functions, such as breathing, heart rate, memory and learning, emotion, and senses. The spinal cord is made up of bundles of nerve fibers that carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Together, the...
Primary brain tumors, including ependymomas, are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumor of childhood. Immunohistochemical analysis, cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings, and measures of mitotic activity are increasingly used in tumor diagnosis and classification. Brain...
Esophageal cancer is rare in the pediatric age group, although it is relatively common in older adults.[ 1, 2] Most of these tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, although sarcomas can also arise in the esophagus. The most common benign tumor is leiomyoma. Risk factors include caustic ingestion, gastroesophageal reflux...
