Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and nephrolithotripsy are procedures in which a small incision is made in a person's back to remove kidney stones. In both cases, the doctor puts a tube into the kidney and a scope through the tube. In nephrolithotomy, the doctor removes a stone through the tube. In nephrolithotripsy, the...
Looks at procedures to remove kidney stones from the kidneys. Explains difference between nephrolithotomy and nephrolithotripsy. Looks at when each may be done. Covers risks.
Perflutren is an ultrasound contrast agent that is used to improve the quality of an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart). Perflutren works by changing the way ultrasound waves travel within your heart. This helps the ultrasound portray a sharper image of your heart. Perflutren is used to allow certain segments of...
Perforating veins are blood vessels in the legs that connect the superficial leg veins just under the skin to the deep leg veins under the muscles. Perforating veins are sometimes called communicating veins. Damage or disease in the perforating vein system can lead to varicose veins, which are twisted, enlarged veins...
A perforation is a hole in the wall of the digestive tract. A perforation may occur anywhere in the digestive tract and may occur when: A crater-shaped sore (ulcer) eats through the wall of the stomach or a section of intestine. An infection in the appendix eats through the wall of the appendix. An infection of an...
In a normal heart, a thin layer called the pericardium surrounds and protects the heart. There is a small amount of fluid between the pericardium and the heart. This fluid helps cushion the heart. But sometimes too much fluid builds up in this space around the heart. This is called pericardial effusion. This extra fluid...
Pericardial effusion is a buildup of fluid in the space between the heart and the sac around the heart (pericardium). The extra fluid can be caused by many things. Some causes are pericarditis (inflammation of the sac), heart attack, surgery, kidney failure, infection, some cancers, and certain diseases such as lupus...
Learn about pericardial effusion.
Pericardiocentesis is done to find the cause of fluid buildup around the heart and to relieve pressure on the heart. The tissue sac that surrounds the heart is called the pericardium. It protects the heart and parts of the major blood vessels connected to the heart. Normally, there is a small amount of fluid between...
Pericarditis is inflammation of the sac that surrounds and protects the heart (pericardium). Pericarditis can cause an abnormal buildup of fluid between the pericardium and the heart (pericardial effusion). Pericarditis often improves without causing any damage to the heart. In most cases, the cause isn't known. It can...
What is pericarditis? Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the pericardium, which is the sac that surrounds your heart. Pericarditis usually doesn't cause serious problems. Most people feel better in a couple of weeks. When there are problems, they may include: A buildup of fluid in the pericardial sac. This is...
Learn what pericarditis is.
The pericardium is a membrane like a sac that surrounds the heart and its major blood vessels. Normally there is a small amount of fluid between the pericardium and the heart that helps cushion the heart and reduces friction between the heart and the pericardium when the heart beats.
Perimenopause is the span of years before menopause when your hormone levels and menstrual periods become irregular. It may be called "going through menopause." After 1 year of having no periods, you've reached menopause (usually around age 50). In the years before menopause, changing hormone levels can cause symptoms...
A perimetry test (visual field test) measures all areas of your eyesight, including your side, or peripheral, vision. To do the test, you sit and look inside a bowl-shaped instrument called a perimeter. While you stare at the center of the bowl, lights flash. You press a button each time you see a flash. A computer...
Perinatologists, also known as maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) specialists, are medical doctors who specialize in high-risk pregnancies, maternal and fetal testing, and fetal therapy. Perinatologists can be consultants or primary care providers during a pregnancy. They may provide medical care throughout a pregnancy...
Perindopril is an ACE inhibitors. ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme. Perindopril is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and to prevent heart attack in people with coronary artery disease. Perindopril may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Provides a summary of interactions with vitamins, herbs, and food
This medicine is used for the following purposes: diabetic complications, heart failure, high blood pressure, kidney disease, prevent heart attack. Brand Name(s): Aceon. Generic Name: Perindopril.
The perineum is the muscle and tissue near the anus. It is the area between either the anus and the vagina or the anus and the scrotum.
Periodic limb movement disorder is repeated muscle twitching of the feet, legs, and sometimes arms during sleep. A person who has periodic limb movement disorder may wake up during the movements. This can interfere with sleep and cause sleepiness during the time the person wants to be awake.
What is periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)? Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a condition in which a person's legs, and sometimes arms, move repetitively and uncontrollably while he or she is asleep. These episodes of limb movement can disrupt the person's sleep, causing insomnia or daytime sleepiness...
Periodontitis is a serious gum disease in which the tissues and bones that support your teeth are damaged by the bacteria in plaque. Treatment may include cleaning, antibiotics, or surgery. If periodontitis is not treated, teeth can become loose and fall out or need to be removed.
Periodontitis is an advanced form of gum disease. Early gum disease causes the gums to pull away from the teeth. This leaves deep pockets where plaque and bacteria can build up. Periodontitis can progress until there is loss in the bones that support the teeth. Teeth may get loose and fall out or need to be removed.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (say "pair-uh-part-uhm kar-dee-oh-my-AWP-uh-thee") is a heart condition that some people get during pregnancy or soon after childbirth. It happens when the heart muscle stretches more than normal and becomes weak. It may cause problems, such as heart failure. This means your heart can't pump...
Discusses peripartum cardiomyopathy. Covers symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Also covers risk factors and prevention.
In this article, you'll learn the basics about peripheral arterial angioplasty, including how the procedure is done.
Discusses peripheral arterial disease, a narrowing or blockage of arteries that results in poor blood flow to your arms and legs. Discusses causes and symptoms. Covers treatment with a healthy lifestyle, medicines, a procedure, or surgery. Also offers prevention tips.
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a narrowing or blockage of arteries that causes poor blood flow to your legs or arms. The most common cause of PAD is the buildup of plaque in blood vessels called "hardening" of the arteries. If you have hardening of the arteries in your legs, you most likely will have it in the...
Specialized exercise programs may help relieve leg pain that occurs with exercise ( intermittent claudication) in some people who have PAD. If you have trouble walking because of your symptoms, this type of program may help you walk more easily. Your doctor may recommend a supervised exercise program. You may work with...
